Multi-criteria portfolio modelling has been extensively employed as an effective means to allocate scarce resources for investment in projects when considering costs, benefits and risks. Some of these modelling approaches allow the grouping of projects into organisational areas, thus also...

The traditional way of employing operational research in organisational interventions has been the expert mode. In this mode, the problem situation faced by the client is given to the operational research consultant, who then builds a model of the situation, solves the model to arrive at an...

Cognitive/causal maps have been widely used as a powerful way of capturing decision-makers' views about a problem, representing it as a cause-effect discourse. Several ways of making causal inferences from this type of model have been proposed in the Operational Research and Artificial...