Manufacturer-retailer supply chains commonly adopt a wholesale price mechanism. This mechanism, however, has often led manufacturers and retailers to situations of conflicts of interest. For example, due to uncertain market demand, retailers prefer to order flexibly from manufacturers so as to...

We use a game theoretical approach to study pricing and advertisement decisions in a manufacturer–retailer supply chain when price discounts are offered by both the manufacturer and retailer. When the manufacturer is the leader of the game, we obtained Stackelberg equilibrium with...

Based on the minimal reduction strategy, Yang et al. (2011) developed a fixed-sum output data envelopment analysis (FSODEA) approach to evaluate the performance of decision-making units (DMUs) with fixed-sum outputs. However, in terms of such a strategy, all DMUs compete over fixed-sum outputs...

This study measures the performance of participating nations at the Olympics, considering the quest for medals as a two-stage Olympic process. The first stage is characterized as athlete preparation (AP) and the second stage as athlete competition (AC). We extend the relational model from the...