The conventional sequential four-step procedure of travel demand forecasting has been widely adopted by practitioners. However, it suffers from inconsistent consideration of travel times and congestion effects in various steps of the procedure. A combined travel demand model overcomes the...

The traditional four-step model has been widely used in travel demand forecasting by considering trip generation, trip distribution, modal split and traffic assignment sequentially in a fixed order. However, this sequential approach suffers from the inconsistency among the level-of-service and...