The Vehicle Routing Problem with Backhauls (VRPB) is an extension of the VRP that deals with two types of customers: the consumers (linehaul) that request goods from the depot and the suppliers (backhaul) that send goods to the depot. In this paper, we propose a simple yet effective iterated...

The accessibility arc upgrading problem (AAUP) is a network upgrading problem that arises in real-life decision processes such as rural network planning. In this paper, we propose a linear integer programming formulation and two solution approaches for this problem. The first approach is based...