This paper analyzes the regional characteristics and strategies of multinational enterprises (MNEs) in the world cosmetics and toiletries industry, based on the new work by Rugman on regional strategy. We test the proposition that MNEs may asymmetrically develop their upstream and downstream...

Summary This study analyzes the international scale and scope of European multinational enterprises (MNEs). By using five widely used multinationality measures and the corresponding five measures for intra-regional activities, the results confirm that the European MNEs focus on their home region...

There is an increasing awareness in international business that institutional factors need to be better incorporated into the understanding of international investments decisions of multinational companies. This applies equally to outward foreign direct investment by emerging economy firms. The...

This study examines whether and to what extent emerging-market multinational enterprises (EM MNEs) use outward foreign direct investment (FDI) in a developed market to capture knowledge spillovers so as to improve their technological capabilities at home. We refer to this as a “reverse...

The online betting exchange Betfair.com has not only revolutionized sports and racing wagering, it has won export and innovation awards and had its founder listed as one of the world's major innovators in Time magazine. It has also however attracted the attention of sports bodies, major...