This paper examines the Dirty Faces problem as a Bayesian game. The equilibrium in the general form of the game requires the extreme assumption of common knowledge of rationality. However, for any finite number of players, the exact number of steps of iterated rationality necessary for the...

Previous studies have shown that simply knowing one player moves first can affect behavior in games, even when the first-mover's moves are known to be unobservable. This observation violates the game-theoretic principle that timing of unobserved moves is irrelevant, but is consistent with...

Economic models typically allow for “free disposal†or “reversibility†of information, which implies non-negative value. Building on previous research on the “curse of knowledge†we explore situations where this might not be so. In three experiments, we document...