rules and structure of the game and the other is forming beliefs about the behavior of other players. Typically, these two … the game. Moreover, subjects with a better understanding of the structure of the game form more accurate beliefs of other … player’s choices, and also better-respond to these beliefs. …

We use instrumental variables for estimating the causal effect of beliefs on contributions in repeated public good … games. The effect is about half as large as suggested by ordinary least squares. Thus, we present evidence that beliefs have … a causal effect on contributions, but also that beliefs are endogenous. We compare the causal, belief-based model of …

, subjects exhibit excess aggressiveness, which appears to be driven by beliefs about others’ actions rather than an intrinsic … subjects’ aggressiveness. Beliefs, again, play a crucial role in explaining how the arrival of information affects attacking …

We study beliefs and actions in a repeated normal-form game. Using a level-k model of limited strategic reasoning and … observe more strategic play (increasing by 15 percent) and higher-level beliefs (increasing by 18 percent) over time. Without … feedback, neither beliefs nor actions reach significantly higher levels of reasoning (with increases of 2 percentage points for …

they are really matched with another person, and suggest a methodology for ensuring that subjects’ beliefs are accurate …