The annual exercise of revising excise duties has become part of Budget Day tradition. The need for such revision arises because, unlike VAT and the ad valorem tax on cigarettes, excise duties are set in nominal terms according to the physical quantity of the goods on which they are levied....

This paper presents a review of non-experimental methods for the evaluation of social programmes. We consider matching and selection methods and analyse each for cross-section, repeated cross-section and longitudinal data. The methods are assessed drawing on evidence from labour market...

Despite the widespread use of income as a measure of household welfare, there is much to recommend the use of consumption. Indeed, standard economic arguments suggest that consumption expenditure will better reflect expected lifetime resources and many economists have been unequivocal in...