education inequalities. Using PISA 2018 data from France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom, we find that students … are more likely to end their education early and repeat grades, especially in Spain, Germany and Italy. The distribution …

Under China's household registration (hukou) system, children with rural hukou lack equal access to education in urban … areas. This paper investigates the causal effect of hukou status on children's education by exploiting an exogenous change … children's education. Our findings reveal that the younger cohorts exposed to the reform are 15.1 percentage points more likely …

location in rural versus urban areas. We provide estimates broken down for different genders, age, location, education of …

polarization in Italy by population groups (gender, occupational status, education, age, residential area and state of birth). By …

learn remotely are more likely to repeat grades and end their education early, especially where grades repetition is more … common: Spain, Germany, and Italy. Education policies should be designed accordingly. …