, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom. We find strong and significant cognitive losses of students lacking the … with the digital divide, while family characteristics matter in the United Kingdom. In the longer run, students who cannot …

School closures induced by the COVID-19 pandemic led to concerns about student learning. This paper evaluates the … effect of school closures on student learning in Uzbekistan, using a unique dataset that allows assessing change in learning … over time. The findings show that test scores in math for grade 5 students improved over time by 0.29 standard deviation …

, finding a greater prevalence of group discussion used in schools positively affects students’ life satisfaction and …-girl schools. These findings are based on a sample from the 2015 PISA which includes more than 35 thousand students from …

We derive a model in which firms operate in an epidemic environment and internalize infections among their employees in … the workplace. The model is calibrated to fit the properties of the Covid-19 epidemic. We show that firms have incentives to …

There is hardly any study on learning inequalities during the COVID-19 pandemic in a low-income, multi-country context …. We find that policies targeting individual household members are most effective for improving learning activities … or those in urban residences are more likely to engage their children in learning activities and more diverse types of …

to estimate learning losses. It models the effect of school closures on achievement by predicting the deviation of the …. Scores declined by an average of 14 percent of a standard deviation, roughly equal to seven months of learning. Losses were … greater for students in schools that faced relatively longer closures, boys, immigrants, and disadvantaged students …