In this research the causal influences among proactive orientation, individual activism, personal achievement, and subjective well-being in the world as a whole and in three world-system zones based on the 5th wave World Values Survey dataset are examined. To test the first and second...

The study examines the contradictory claims of modernization theory and world-systems analysis regarding modern social change. While modernization theory argues a human development, world-systems analysis states a global crisis. The two theories are tested against empirical evidence from data of...