This paper investigates the causal relationship between environmental quality, GDP and trade for MENA region countries by using panel unit root tests and panel cointegration analysis for the period 1970-2011. The results show a strong causality from GDP and trade to environmental quality in...

The FDI of Multinational Companies (MNCs) can be export-oriented or market-oriented, intended to capture the international or local markets respectively. Since the MNCs have better export performance than local firms, in case of export-oriented FDI, this would lead local firms to mimic foreign...