Violence has a striking gender pattern. Men are more likely to be attacked by a stranger, while women experience … violence mostly from their partners. This paper estimates the costs of violence against women in terms of intangible outcomes …, such as women's reproductive health, labor supply, and the welfare of their children. The study uses a sample of nearly 83 …

social determinants of health, the complexities that arise in attributing earnings differentials to variations in health … impact of health on earnings that addresses problems of measurement error and endogeneity, then summarizes the main findings …, although modest, impact on earnings in four Latin American countries. Furthermore, environmental conditions (such as housing …