. In particular, the harmonization to "change-in-tariff classification (CTC) or real value-added content (RVC)" will play a …

2011. As a result, we found that the products with the higher demand volatility or those with a larger number of tariff …

This paper empirically investigates how far free trade agreements (FTAs) successfully lower tariff rates and non-tariff … barriers (NTBs) for manufacturing industries by employing the bilateral tariff and NTB data in a time series for countries … around the world. We find that FTAs under GATT Article XXIV and the Enabling Clause contribute to reducing tariff rates by 2 …

liberalization level rather than the level during the whole period. Second, our measure includes information on tariff margins, i …

In this paper, we examined back-and-forth international transactions through tariff reduction by estimating modified … machinery products are negatively associated with not only the importer's tariff rates on finished machinery products but also … the exporter's tariff rates on machinery parts. Similarly, exports of machinery parts are negatively associated with not …

In this paper, using the worldwide dataset of bilateral tariff rates, we explore how serious the omission of bilateral … tariff rates in gravity is. Our findings are as follow. Firstly, the omission of bilateral tariff rates seems not to be so … alternative role in place of tariff rates, the inclusion of time-invariant pair fixed effects in addition to the time …

construction of concordance tables for Japan's 9 digit tariff line codes enables analysis at the tariff line level, which overcomes … substantial preference margins over non-LDC countries were not successful. These findings suggest that for LDCs the tariff barrier …

input and output tariff reductions on labor demand elasticities at the firm level. For this purpose, we consider a simple …-output labor demand elasticities. Input tariff reductions would lower the factor shares of labor for these productive firms and …-level panel data over the 2000--2006 period. Controlling for potential tariff endogeneity by instruments, our empirical studies …