If sectoral trade flows obey structural gravity, countries' bilateral trade imbalances are the result of macro trade … imbalances, “triangular trade”, or pairwise asymmetric trade barriers. Using data for 40 major economies and the Rest of the … World, we show that large and pervasive asymmetries in trade barriers are required to account for most of the observed …

geography of farmland acquisitionsas a function of cross-country differences in technology, endowments, trade costs, and …

We present and discuss a set of indicators to help assess countries' trade policies. The indicators relate to three … policy areas - trade in goods, trade in services, and FDI. Given concerns about the direction of global trade policy, we also … propose a simple approach to present the multidimensional aspects of trade policy that, by shedding light on relative openness …

Uzbekistan has significantly improved its monetary policy framework during 2017-21. Nevertheless, the transition to … Bank of Uzbekistan (CBU) will have to monitor structural reforms and calibrate monetary policy accordingly. This paper …

This paper analyzes the monetary policy framework in Kazakhstan. The authorities have been successful in containing …