bond returns are high. At the bank level, bondholdings correlate negatively with subsequent lending during sovereign …

This paper investigates the determinants of bank funding costs for a sample of internationally active banks from 2001 …–12. We find that changes in banks’ unsecured funding costs are associated with bank-specific characteristics such as an … subprime crisis and the Euro Area sovereign debt crisis—have also been key drivers of the sharp rise in bank funding costs. We …

indicate that a 1 percentage point increase in a bank's equity-to-assets ratio lowers its cost of equity by about 18 basis …

The limited access to bank credit in recent years has increased the pressure on small and medium size enterprises (SMEs … crisis than their peers, implying that the interaction of the economic structure and access to bank financing plays a …

supply factors, both for the whole 1993-2010 period and during periods of financial instability. Using bank-level panel data …

-run growth. The paper explores an additional challenge, for monetary policy. Although they expand bank balance sheets, providing …