global perspective. At the same time, collateral requirements applied by banks are onerous and also constrain the quantity of … the high collateral requirements. Reforms in all these areas would support greater financial inclusion in the aftermath of …

. Two key issues arise with regard to the use of collateral in the context of loan classification and provisioning. In … particular, the questions arise whether collateral should be taken into account in classifying a collateralized loan, and whether … it should be considered in calculating provisions. This paper surveys country practices in the role of collateral in loan …

have shifted over the past year. We estimate that the adverse impact of counterparty risk on high-grade collateral flows …

market do not hold collateral against all the positions in their trading book and the paper proves an estimate of this under …-collateralization. Whatever collateral is held by banks is allowed to be rehypothecated (or re-used) to others. Since CCPs would require all … positions to have collateral against them, off-loading a significant portion of OTC derivatives transactions to central …

, consumption, sovereign wealth fund, and real exchange rates. We apply the model to Mongolia and draw policy recommendations from … growth for Mongolia …

Inflation in Mongolia resembles a roller coaster ride with sharp rises and steep drops. Understanding why is critical … given Mongolia’s geography, are determined primarily by local supply conditions, highly seasonal, and subject to large but …