The non- ub titution theorem a ert that the choice of technique i independent of pattern of final demand when efficiency prevail a to the u e of a ingle primary factor, say labor, while the a erted con tancy of theinput-output table no longer hold when more than one kind of primary factor i...

We examine auction data to determine if bid rigging presents in procurement auctions for paving works in Ibaraki City, Osaka, Japan. We first show that sporadic bidding wars are caused by the participation of potential "outsiders." Assuming that the ring is all-inclusive if the auction is not...