promoted than women without children; this is what we refer to as the family gap in climbing the career. We find that mothers … tend to enter on lower ranks than non-mothers. 37 percent of the gap can be explained by rank fixed effects and human …

home in their occupation. When their partners worked on-site, mothers and fathers working from home spent more time on … childcare, especially mothers, compared to those on-site; fathers spent more time on household chores. However, only mothers …-site, mothers and fathers working from home worked roughly equally fewer paid hours and did more secondary childcare, though fathers …