unobserved household heterogeneity. We find that a clean-break with the use of traditional fuels is less likely in rural areas …, but more probable in urban areas. The household characteristics (e.g. income, education) that are positively correlated … paved road is an important determinant for rural household adopting clean fuel, and there exists evidence of social …

with exogenous shocks to household income, assets and labour supply. Our analysis was based on a unique data set with 10 … years of recall data on school attendance and household shocks. We found that the probability of a child dropping out of … school increased significantly when the household experienced an illness, death or asset shock. We proposed a test to …