gaps in employment and earnings. We find that women have notably lower employment rates and earnings than men, even though … earnings gaps are higher in self-employment than in wage employment. Tertiary education and urban location account for a large … part of the gender earnings gap and mitigate high female propensity to self-employment. Our findings suggest that policies …

enterprises). South Africa is the notable exception, with formal wage employment in the private sector representing 46% of total …In recent years, the private sector has been recognized as a key engine of Africa's economic development. Yet, the most … sector countries are concentrated in Western Africa (Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea, Niger, Senegal and Togo), Central Africa …

, economic shocks are expected to have disparate implications. Employing World Bank data for rural areas in six states of India …, we investigate the probability of female employment during the lockdown period between March and May 2020. Based on …

, and Germany, as well as the effect of personal shocks on employment (redundancies, government replacement salary and …

This paper examines how the COVID-19 pandemic affected female employment in Japan. Our estimates indicate that the … employment rate of married women with children decreased by 4 percentage points, while that of those without children decreased …' employment. Further, mothers who left or lost their jobs appear to have dropped out of the labor force even several months after …

We examine effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on employment losses across metropolitan area status and population size …. Non-metropolitan and metropolitan areas of all sizes experienced significant employment losses, but the impacts are much … larger in large metropolitan areas. Employment losses manifest as increased unemployment, labor force withdrawal, and …

This study examines the initial impact of COVID-19 shutdowns on the employment and hours of unincorporated self …-employed workers using data from the Current Population Survey. Although the shutdowns decreased employment and hours for all groups … effects on employment and hours …

employment and wages in the United States. Guided by a pre-analysis plan, we document that COVID-19 increased the unemployment …

COVID-19 substantially decreased employment, but the effects vary among demographic and socioeconomic groups. We … document the employment losses in April 2020 across various groups using the U.S. Current Population Survey. The unemployment … rate understates employment losses. We focus on the percentage of the civilian population that is employed and at work …

transmission. We offer the first study that examines the effects of the COVID-19-induced lockdown on various employment outcomes … rate, the temporary layoff rate, and decreases the quality of employment. It also reduces workers' numbers of working hours …