for other coal-producing countries, such as South Africa, Germany, or Australia …

Historically coal has offered both benefits and costs to urban areas. Benefits include coal's role in fueling industry … Rosen-Roback style model to examine how differences in local coal availability affect equilibrium city employment. Drawing … on the model, the paper surveys papers that examine the net effects of coal on the growth in city population and air …

due to the burning of bituminous coal for heat. We estimate the effects of this bituminous coal consumption on mortality … rates in the U.S. during the mid-20th century. Coal consumption varied considerably during the 20th century due to coal … of confounding factors, we use a triple-differences identification strategy that relies on variation in coal consumption …

recent increase in natural gas supply led to displacement of coal-fired electricity by cleaner natural gas-fired generation …. Using detailed spatial panel data comprising the near universe of US power plants, we find that coal generation decreased by …

There has been a widespread displacement of coal by natural gas as space heating and cooking technology in Turkey in …