property crimes and 13% in personal crimes. There is also evidence that the IGESP is associated with improved police response …

Do collective bargaining rights for law enforcement result in more civilian deaths at the hands of the police? Using an … event-study design, we find that the introduction of duty to bargain requirements with police unions has led to a … significant increase in non-white civilian deaths at the hands of police during the late twentieth century. We find no impact on …

of police officers on duty using a variety of unique data from Britain and a two-sample minimum distance estimation …

between policing and arrests. During shift changes a peculiar redeployment of police patrols belonging to separate police … that criminals exploit these dips in police performance. A back of the envelope calculation suggests that incapacitation …

We show that the quality of police hires varies over the business cycle. Officers hired when the unemployment rate is … the exam. Our findings shed light on how outside options affect police hires and speak to policy questions about police …