on age and gender) and its performance with respect to innovative activities (outlays and employment in research and …

and gender) and its performance (productivity and profitability) for a large representative sample of enterprises from … share of female employees. This finding might indicate that lower productivity of women is (over)compensated by lower wage … costs for women, which might be driven by general labor market discrimination against women. …

A vast labor literature has found evidence of a glass ceiling, whereby women are under-represented among senior …, prejudice, or systematically biased beliefs about the ability of female managers. Disentangling these theories would require … data on productivity, on the preferences of those who interact with managers, and on perceptions of productivity. Financial …

study examines the relationship in the case of women in top executive jobs and on boards of directors. We use data for the … 2500 largest Danish firms observed during the period 1993-2001 and find that the proportion of women in top management jobs … direction of causality. The results show that the positive effects of women in top management depend on the qualifications of …

managers and thus possibly making China's listed firms less effective in solving the agency problem. As such, ownership …