the pandemic, but surprisingly little is known on whether these shutdowns turned into permanent closures and whether small … businesses were disproportionately hit. This paper provides the first analysis of permanent business closures using confidential … Fee Administration. We find large increases in closures rates in the first two quarters of 2020, but a strong reversal of …

. We quantify the conflict by the frequency of temporary closures of the West Bank and Gaza Strip and the number of … issued by the Israeli government, and the frequency of temporary closures of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, between the years … (Israel or West Bank and Gaza Strip). Closures also significantly reduce Palestinian employment rates in Israel and mean …

Policies that extend the school day in elementary school provide an implicit childcare subsidy for families. As such … childcare is likely to be one of the mechanisms that relaxed restrictions to marriage dissolution. …

investment to be (i) more productive and (ii) less risky than the time spent by their children in formal childcare or with peers …

are predictive of labor supply intentions under different policy scenarios related to childcare availability and quality …