an oligarchy adopting a mass-army may voluntarily decide to promise some amount of income redistribution to its citizens … allows the elite to make credible commitments of future income redistribution in favor of the citizens, while a limited …

we combine individual-level data from the European and World Values Survey with macroeconomic and political variables for … (consensual crowding out). And finally, the more a government supports democratization, the lower is the individual's engagement … (participatory crowding out). Religiosity and a more unequal income distribution in a country increase individuals' willingness to …

This paper investigates the role of violent civil conflicts during the process of democratization for the quality of … different groups may engage in violent conflict in order to become the ruler predicts a crucial role of the democratization … scenario. A peaceful democratization leads to democracies with a high degree of civil liberties, reflecting a social contract …

. Exploiting within-country variation to identify the effect of democratization during the Third Wave, we find evidence that the … effect of democratization is weaker than reported previously once one accounts for the incidence of conflict, while the … significantly reduce the incidence and onset of conflict, which suggests that part of the positive growth effect of democratization …

We study the role of trade liberalization, democratization and their interaction for technology adoption. A general … accelerate technology adoption if coupled with democratization but may lead to a slow down if these regime changes are imbalanced … variation and the heterogenous timing of openness and democratization. The results document the existence of robust positive …

. We study the conditions under which a state of law can be implemented under oligarchy, and when democratization is … necessary. Inequality in endowments and incomes prolongs the absence of good institutions and delays democratization. Conversely …, institutions shape the income distribution. Simulations illustrate how inequality affects the development process and may lead to …

characterized by increased influence from the financial market andextreme economic events - using data from the Household Income …