The economic literature reveals that the relationship between patents and Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) depends on industries and countries’ features. Our research considers the pharmaceutical industry in China. This choice stems from a contradictory observation: China is known for its...

In the catch-up literature, more attention has been paid to the rate rather than the direction of technological change. This paper presents and implements a novel methodology to identify and measure the effects of the direction of technological change in terms of technological congruence and its...