Public expenditures have a crucial place within the Keynesian theory. How then not questioning J. Robinson about the consequences of arms race? Especially since the Cambridge economist has been fiercely opposed to "military Keynesianism". It is interesting to replace military expenditures in her...

This article focuses on the determinants of innovation in the defence procurement sector. Although contractual choices turn out as crucial to provide parties incentives to innovate, the complementary and strategic impact of industrial policy is emphasized in that perspective. JEL: H57, L14, L52,...

The end of the Cold War weakened the relationship created between science and defence after World War II. Credits for defence R&D have been regularly reduced through the 1990s. Indeed armed forces' requirements for innovation and technology have evolved compared to the second half of the 20th...

Jean-Baptiste Say and Joseph Aloïs Schumpeter are two key-economists in the theory of the entrepreneur. Both assigned to the entrepreneur the role of an economic engine, moved by innovation. Moreover, both lived in periods characterized by a flow of economic and political new ideas (Say : the...

While the history of luxury, as a craft activity, is a very long one, the luxury goods industry as we currently know it, is relatively young. At the end of the 19th century some entrepreneurs created a new industrial logic focused on luxury goods. Nicole-Barbe Ponsardin-Cliquot (Champagne),...

The Schneider company, founded in 1836, by Eugène and Alphonse Schneider is presented in this article as an answer to a double scientific issue. On the first hand, we analyse the tight links between industrial development and military activity, and in the other hand the basis of the individual...

Economists often praise entrepreneurs' merits since they challenge market routine and give life to capitalism. But, paradoxically (?), the entrepreneur holds a marginal place in economic progress historical approaches. Is he a deus ex machina who intervenes when economists do not know how (or do...

For keynesian economists, social economy is able to solve the problems of unemployment and poverty in industrialized countries. However, neither poverty nor the debates on social economy are new. 200 years ago, socialists and other utopians imagined a society where market principles were...