This article examines a sample of German pharmaceutical firms to highlight the strategic reasons why firms participate in various intellectual property (IP) marketplaces, both proprietary (patents and copyrights) and non-proprietary (open source and non-patented technology). The obstacles that...

The quest for technological leadership has caused the widespread use of intellectual property protection (IPP) as an instrument of national technology policies. Even the Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) can be interpreted as an attempt to hinder the international...

The term "international licence trade" signifies the worldwide buying and selling, across national frontiers, of technical and industrial licences. In contrast to the trade in goods, which involves the exchange of material goods, the transfer of licences concerns immaterial goods, i.e. legally...