Performance is typically viewed as a major criterion for allocating rewards to subordinates. However, this study of 132 Soviet and 134 American managers showed that managers' dependency on subordinates can also affect reward allocation. Three factors representing dependency were manipulated in...

The focus of this article is on the leadership characteristics of Russian managers in two time periods: the Red Executive during the communist regime, and the market-oriented manager of the 1990s. Six traits associated with successful American managers are used as a framework. The article...