In this paper we call for a better understanding of cultural distance and its importance to managers across borders. We report on the structuring and interpretation of cultural distance by managers from Germany, the UK and Poland. In particular we are interested in the German/Polish, and the...

The Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement has engendered a harmonisation of patent laws across countries but the extent of enforcement of these laws continues to vary. This study investigates the degree to which de jure book law protection of patents and de...

This study investigates the pattern and growth of affiliate and non-affiliate international transactions in intellectual property (IP) for the USA and the UK. Using official data, it explores how far and in what ways the patterns of licensing and franchising activity accord with theoretical...

Over the last decade the growth of service firms, and their internationalisation, has attracted considerable attention from researchers, with a special focus on characteristics that distinguish services from goods. However, as the composition of a firm's product can contain both good and service...

Internalisation thinking is traced from its inception by Coase through its application to multinational enterprises and to the global factory. The general principles governing the internalisation of markets are revisited and the focus on innovation, the dynamics of internalisation and its...

This paper identifies the key lessons of managing international joint ventures (IJVs) from the perspectives of IJV experienced partners and managers. The study adopts a multi-method personal interview and self-administered questionnaire approach to identify the major management lessons. Broadly,...

This paper investigates the management-performance relationship for a sample of UK international joint ventures with partners from developed market economies. Management control is identified in terms of mechanism, extent and focus. Joint venture performance is evaluated by two subjective...

Internationalising firms must choose what foreign markets they will enter and in what sequence. Once the markets have been identified they must decide how they will service each market. If they choose to establish a business in a particular market they must decide whether to take over an...

The total foreign sales of any country are made up of flows of exports (X),foreign licensed sales (L) and sales arising from foreign direct investments (I) (TFS = X + L + I). This paper shows that the breakdown of total foreign sales varies greatly by country of origin and industrial sector....