This paper examines the welfare effects of trade liberalization and economic growth in an economy which is large enough to influence world prices and in which trade is restricted by both tariffs and quotas. The author derives general expressions for shadow prices of goods and foreign exchange...

In this paper, the authors develop techniques for measuring the trade policy equivalent of domestic distortions using a distance function approach. Their measure, the trade restrictiveness index, is shown to equal the uniform tariff that is welfare equivalent to a given pattern of domestic taxes...