This paper constructs a quality ladders product cycle model with multiple quality levels. A lower quality level of each product sells due to differences in willingness to pay for quality across consumers. The model determines how far Southern firms penetrate high-technology product markets....

This paper analyzes the World Trade Organization's (WTO's) national treatment (NT) clause in a two-country model where quality of goods and/or market size are heterogenous across countries. When market size is symmetric across countries, a reciprocal NT agreement (i) benefits the high-quality...

Are preferential trade agreements (PTAs) "building" or "stumbling blocks" for multilateral trade liberalization? I address this question in an infinitely repeated tariff game between three countries engaged in intraindustry trade under oligopoly. The central result is that when countries are...