This paper examines causal relationships between environment, GDP and trade for Iran using annual data over the period 1970-201, applying the techniques of the long–run Granger non–causality test proposed by Toda and Yamamoto (1995). The results suggest that there is a long-run relationship...

This paper investigates the causal relationship between CO2 emissions and GDP in a panel of 11 selected oil exporting countries by using panel unit root tests and panel cointegration analysis for the period 1970-2011. A three-variable model is formulated with openness as the third variable. The...

The objective of this paper is to examine the relationship among environment, economic growth and openness in Iran for the period 1970-2011, based on the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach. The study finds a cointegrating relationship among these variables with co2 emission as...

The relationship between government revenue and government expenditure has been an important topic in public economics, given its relevance for policy especially with respect to the budget deficit. The main purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between government revenue and...

The relationship between government revenue and government expenditure has been an important topic in public economics, given its relevance for policy especially with respect to the budget deficit. Besides the theoretical arguments about this relation, vast empirical literature is also available...