The paper describes experience gained from experiments with the comprehensive energy system model MARKAL for Western Europe, including endogenous technology learning based on the learning by doing mechanism. These experiments have confirmed the benefits expected from adoption of the mechanism....

This article provides a tutorial on how to implement technology dynamics in global optimisation energy models that are widely used for energy systems analysis. The tutorial draws from a series of modelling experiments conducted by several research groups cooperating in the framework of European...

The paper aims to identify both the major changes that have occurred in the energy sector during the past thirty years and the key driving forces that explain these changes. After a review of the key concepts provided by economic theory in order to analyse technical change in Section 2, Section...