Despite the promising ideas of lead users, the success rate of the open innovation process remains low if no proper personal characteristics are attached to the external contributor. The knowledge about the essential characteristic elements of lead users is crucial to select the right lead users...

Systems Engineering (SE) is an engineering method that has rarely been applied in Automotive Product Development, despite its noticeable positive effects in other engineering fields. With increasing interests, firms and scholars have started to discover its impact in the segment, however...