This report is a background document used by several European Commission services to prepare the EC report on critical raw materials and the circular economy, a commitment of the European Commission made in its Communication 'EU action plan for the Circular Economy'. It represents a JRC...

This report evaluates the substitution options of nine critical raw materials (CRM) (Eu, Tb, Y, In, Ga, Ge, Nd, Pr and Dy) required in lighting, wind turbines and electric vehicles applications. Substitution has been considered from many perspectives from reducing the use of CRM via improved...

Access to raw materials is of growing concern for the European economy. In the context of the EU raw materials strategy, this study identifies the raw materials that are important for the European defence industry and evaluates the potential risks associated to their supply in terms of import...

The report presents the methodologies that JRC/SETIS applies for the evaluation of selected key performance indicators measuring progress in research and innovation in Europe, and provides the necessary theoretical background to underpin the SETIS contributions to the State of the Energy Union...

In the context of the EU's Circular Economy Action Plan (CEAP), the Joint Research Centre is investigating the rationale for harmonising separate collection systems for municipal waste. The present report reviews and identifies the key parameters and elements making up a waste collection system,...