We have explained elsewhere the characteristics of public pensions in various countries. In so doing, it became clear that the public pension system in the United States guarantees a minimum income and redistributes income; the public pension system in Germany is like social insurance, in that it...

It was in 1961 that the Japanese national pension (iKokumin nenkin/i) for self-employed people was established. This opened the door to a universal pension system that included existing mutual aid association pensions (iKyosai nenkin/i) for public service employees and employee pensions (iKosei...