We begin this paper by taking a look back at the adjustment, growth and poverty debate. Our analysis suggests that while the poor do not bear the disproportionae costs</EM> of adjustment policies, it is also the case that policy reforms have largely failed to contribute to the alleviation of poverty....

In this paper we examine the relative importance of rural versus urban areas in terms of monetary poverty and seven other related living standards indicators. We present the levels of urban--rural differences for several African countries for which we have data and find that living standards in...