type="main" xml:id="jage12061-abs-0001" <title type="main">Abstract</title> <p>This paper decomposes the variance in EU food industry return-on-assets into year, country, industry and firm effects using a hierarchical linear model (HLM). The HLM approach accounts for some of the methodological drawbacks of conventional...</p>

Food quality and food safety issues arouse increasing interest and concern among consumers and policy‐makers. Consequently, the importance of country‐of‐origin labelling (COOL) is increasing in business, policy and research. Numerous studies have reported a wide range of estimates for...