A dynamic econometric model relating wholesale meat prices to retail prices and wholesale meat demand is estimated using monthly data on U.S. prices and quantities of beef, pork, and chicken. The hypothesis that meat retailing costs are separable is rejected; that is, the data support joint costs...

When welfare reforms were enacted in 1996, a higher than average percentage of residents in the agricultural heartland of California, the San Joaquin Valley, received cash assistance. Average annual unemployment rates during the 1990s ranged from 12% to 20%, and 15% to 20% of residents in major...