Abstract Prevented and preventable fractions have been widely used in medical science to evaluate the proportion of new diseases that can be averted by a protective exposure. However, most existing formulas used in practical situations cannot be interpreted as proportions without any further...

Abstract A key issue in the analysis of traffic accidents is to quantify the effectiveness of a given evasive action taken by a driver to avoid crashing. Since 1977, the widely accepted definition for this effectiveness measure, which is called traffic conflict, has been “the risk of a...