This paper develops a theory of how groups meet their members' demands. It is argued that the members of social units obtain satisfaction of their economic, cultural, and political needs through participation in social groups, including states or nations. It posits that changing environmental...

Military expenditures of the United States, the Soviet Union, and the People's Republic of China are examined from two perspectives: (1) a modification of the traditional Richardson arms race formulation and (2) the notion that the military budget is used by decision makers, in part, to respond...

This study analyzes foreign policy behavior in the realm of international energy politics. The model we developed states that conflict and cooperation between importers and exporters of oil are related to the development of oil issues by the host countries which are undergoing the process of oil...

This article presents a model of defense spending in India that is based on (a) acceleration, (b) threat/security perceptions, and (c) the role of governmental deficits. The specific mechanisms involved are based upon the feedbacks that exist between the growth in military spending and the...