The authors investigate the linkage between presidential operational codes and the management of foreign policy conflicts during the period of strategic adjustment in American foreign policy following the cold war. Beliefs expressed in public speeches by Presidents George Bush and Bill Clinton...

Cognitive mapping has been a valuable tool in understanding how individuals view their external environment. It has been used successfully to investigate crisis decision making, juror decision making, and international negotiation, and may find further use as a support tool in negotiation and...