Alternative approaches to estimating the effects of nontariff measures (NTMs) on trade flows are discussed and … NTMs have a negative effect on the volume of bilateral trade for the detailed product under scrutiny; (iii) harmonization … of standards is trade enhancing. Case studies confirm several of these patterns, and also that perceived severity of NTMs …

reviews the state of understanding on the effects of NTMs on trade flows. The more difficult issue of translating these …

percentage reductions in trade costs. Employing a modified gravity specification we estimate these costs and derive non …