We build a bank-specific, fixed-effects regression model to develop proxies for a bank's monitoring effort. Our results show that banks that devote more resources to monitoring (based on these proxies) are more profit efficient and the effect is large. A very important theoretical literature in...

We find that banks with more capital experienced more severe stock price declines during the recent financial crisis. We also find that banks with more capital experienced higher betas and stock volatility levels during the financial crisis. These results support the capital signaling...