Non-consumptive benefits which increase with crop age, like keeping carbon sequestered, lengthen optimal rotation compared with rotation for timber alone. High proposed carbon prices may extend rotation indefinitely. Carbon storage in wood products reduces this tendency. Biomass as an energy...

As with financial risk in markets, physical risk (threat or hazard) has sometimes been treated by adding a premium to the discount rate for NPV calculations applied to forestry options. A discount premium reflecting the rate of threat gives the correct rotation for a perpetual succession of...