The pass-through principle evolved from countervailing duty cases means that where a producer of a downstream product obtains a subsidized input from an upstream producer at arm's length, the investigating authority cannot presume, but rather must establish whether and to what extent the benefit...

One of the peculiarities of trade integration in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is that it was launched by non-WTO members. Nevertheless, their wish to integrate into the multilateral trading system induced them to incorporate WTO standards into their RTAs. Another distinctive...

The nature of international trade has changed dramatically. Today, intermediate goods account for nearly 60% of the world merchandise trade, with the import content of the average export amounting to 40%. Global value chains increase the importance of duty drawback--a common practice of...