Purpose – This paper aims to propose an entity-based scientific metadata schema, i.e. Scientific Knowledge Object (SKO) Types. During the past 50 years, many metadata schemas have been developed in a variety of disciplines. However, current scientific metadata schemas focus on describing data,...

Purpose – This paper applies the knowledge-based genetic algorithm to solve the optimization problem in complex products technological processes. Design/methodology/approach – The knowledge-based genetic algorithm (KGA) is defined as a hybrid genetic algorithm (GA) which combined the GA...