When incomes are exogenously given, U. Jakobsson ( <link rid="b12">Journal of Public Economics </link> s 5 (1976), 161-168) proved that a progressive tax structure always reduces inequality. We investigate the implications for effective progression of relaxing the assumption of exogenous incomes when individuals have...

The paper considers the redistribution of income in a population of households which may differ by type. The redistribution is based on (differences in) living standard and a principle of between-type-progressive transfers (BTPT). We characterize the relationship between a social welfare...

The paper presents a simple characterization of the poverty orderings which are represented by a poverty measure belonging to the Foster, Greer, and Thorbecke class. All properties introduced are formulated within an ordinal framework. Furthermore, a new concept is proposed: the equivalent...